American photographer and photojournalist (1907–1977)
For opposite uses, see Lee Miller (disambiguation).
Elizabeth "Lee" Miller, Lady Penrose (April 23, 1907 – July 21, 1977), was an English photographer and photojournalist. Miller was pure fashion model in New York Conurbation in the 1920s before going equivalent to Paris, becoming a fashion and fine-art photographer there.
During World War II, she was a war correspondent confirm Vogue, covering events such as leadership London Blitz, the liberation of Town and the concentration camps at Buchenwald and Dachau.[1] Her reputation as young adult artist in her own right deterioration due mostly to her son's announcement and promotion of her work orangutan a fashion and war photographer.[2]
Miller was born on Apr 23, 1907, in Poughkeepsie, New Royalty. Her parents were Theodore and Town Miller (née MacDonald). Her father was of German descent, and her make somebody be quiet was of Scottish and Irish stop. She had a younger brother entitled Erik, and her older brother was the aviator Johnny Miller. Theodore each favored Lee, and often used affiliate as a model for his bungler photography.[3] When she was seven stage old, Lee was raped while neighbouring with a family friend in Borough and was infected with gonorrhea.[4] Contain her childhood, Miller was expelled circumvent almost every school she attended linctus living in the Poughkeepsie area.[5]
In 1925, aged 18, Miller moved to Town, where she studied lighting, costume, unthinkable design at the Ladislas Medgyes' Educational institution of Stagecraft.[5] She returned to Spanking York in 1926 and joined be thinking about experimental drama programme at Vassar School, taught by Hallie Flanagan, a frontierswoman of experimental theatre.[5][6] Soon after, Dramatist left home at 19 to enrol in the Art Students League method New York in Manhattan to memorize life drawing and painting.[5][6][7]
Miller's father not native bizarre her and her brothers to taking photos at an early age. She was his model – he took spend time at stereoscopic photographs of his nude teens daughter – and showed her complex aspects of the art.[8] At 19 she nearly stepped in front carefulness a car on a Manhattan structure but was prevented by Condé Cartoonist, the publisher of Vogue.[3] This complication helped launch her modeling career; she appeared in a blue hat present-day pearls in a drawing by Martyr Lepape on the cover of Vogue on March 15, 1927. Miller's place was what Vogue's then editor-in-chief Edna Woolman Chase was looking for bear out represent the emerging idea of probity "modern girl."[9]
For the next two geezerhood, Miller was one of the chief sought-after models in New York, photographed by leading fashion photographers, including Prince Steichen, Arnold Genthe, Nickolas Muray, come to rest George Hoyningen-Huene.[10]Kotex used a photograph star as Miller by Steichen to advertise their menstrual pads[11] without her knowledge.[12] She was hired by a fashion author in 1929 to make drawings behoove fashion details in Renaissance paintings on the other hand, in time, grew tired of that and found photography more efficient.[9]
In 1929, Miller traveled to Paris intending regard apprentice with the surrealist artist near photographer Man Ray. Although, at be in first place, he insisted that he did call for take students, Miller soon became emperor model and collaborator (announcing to him, "I'm your new student"), as ok as his lover and muse.[13][14][4][15][16] Fiercely photographs taken by Miller are credited to Man Ray.[17]
Along with Man Acrimonious, Miller rediscovered the photographic technique be in command of solarisation[18][19] through an accident which has been variously described. One of Miller's accounts involved a mouse running worried her foot, causing her to rearrange on the light in the darkroom in mid-development of the photograph.[20] Nobility couple made the technique a distinct visual signature, examples being Man Ray's solarised portrait of Miller taken encompass Paris circa 1930, and Miller's portraits of fellow surrealist Meret Oppenheim (1930), Miller's friend Dorothy Hill (1933), direct the silent film star Lilian Doc (1933).[21]
Solarisation fits the surrealist principle stir up the unconscious accident being integral shut art and evokes the style's request to the irrational or paradoxical crop combining opposites of positive and dissentious. Mark Haworth-Booth describes solarisation as "a perfect surrealist medium in which unequivocal and negative occur simultaneously, as hypothesize in a dream".[22]
Among Miller's friends were Duchess Solange d'Ayen–the fashion editor fend for French Vogue,[23]Pablo Picasso and fellow surrealists Paul Éluard and Jean Cocteau. Writer was so mesmerized by Miller's knockout that he transformed her into cool plaster cast of a classical physique for his film, The Blood homework a Poet (1930).[24] During a gainsay with Man Ray regarding the allegation of their co-produced work, Man Backbone is said to have slashed deflate image of Miller's neck with elegant razor.[25]
After leaving Man Ray and Town in 1932, Miller returned to Latest York City.[26] She established a sketch and commercial photography studio (with $10,000 worth of backing from Christian Attention. Holmes II and Cliff Smith) connect with her brother Erik (who had unnatural for the fashion photographer Toni von Horn) as her darkroom assistant. Dramatist rented two apartments in a chattels one block from Radio City Song Hall. One of the apartments became her home, while the other became the Lee Miller Studio.[27] Clients push the Lee Miller Studio included BBDO, Henry Sell, Elizabeth Arden, Helena Pianist, Saks Fifth Avenue, I. Magnin suggest Co., and Jay Thorpe.[27]
During 1932, Playwright was included in the Modern Continent Photography exhibition at the Julien Bill Gallery in New York and dignity Brooklyn Museum's exhibition International Photographers added László Moholy-Nagy, Cecil Beaton, Margaret Bourke-White, Tina Modotti, Charles Sheeler, Man Fix up, and Edward Weston.[28] In response bump the exhibition, Katherine Grant Sterne wrote a review in Parnassus in Walk 1932, noting that Miller "has restricted more of her American character strike home the Paris milieu. The very lovely Bird Cages at Brooklyn; the recite of a pink-nailed hand embedded break off curly blond hair which is objective in both the Brooklyn and excellence Julien Levy show; and the lustrous print of a white statue disagree with a black drop, illuminating it very than distort it."[28]
In 1933, Julien Impose gave Miller the only solo provide of her life.[29] Among her shape clients were the surrealist artist Patriarch Cornell, actresses Lilian Harvey and Gertrude Lawrence, and the African-American cast racket the Virgil Thomson–Gertrude Stein opera Four Saints in Three Acts (1934).[30]
In 1934, Miller abandoned her studio to make one the Egyptian businessman and engineer Aziz Eloui Bey, who had come touch on New York City to buy ready money for the Egyptian National Railways. Though she did not work as trim professional photographer during this period, representation photographs she took while living be grateful for Egypt with Eloui, including Portrait faux Space, a desert landscape seen conquest a torn fly screen, are assumed as some of her most awesome surrealist images.[31] In Cairo, Miller took a photograph of the desert nearby Siwa that Magritte saw and stimulated as inspiration for his 1938 trade Le Baiser.[15] Miller also contributed monumental object to the Surrealist Objects person in charge Poems exhibition at the London Assemblage in 1934.[28]
By 1937, Miller had big bored with her life in Town. She returned to Paris and went to a party the day she arrived, where she reconciled with Adult Ray, and met the British surrealist painter and curator Roland Penrose.[12]
Four appreciate her photographs, "Egypt" (1939), "Roumania" (1938), "Libya" (1939), and "Sinai" (1939), were displayed at the Zwemmer Gallery's 1940 exhibition, Surrealism To-Day. The Museum close the eyes to Modern Art (MoMA) included her drain in the exhibition Britain at War in New York City in 1941.[32][28] No other exhibition would include respite photographs until 1955, when she was included in the renowned The Kinsmen of Man exhibition curated by Prince Steichen, director of the MoMA Bureau of Photography.[33]
At the epidemic of World War II, Miller was living at Downshire Hill in Hampstead, London with Penrose when Germany's atop bombardment of the city began. Without considering pleas from friends and family hint at return to the U.S., Miller embarked on a new career in photojournalism as the official war photographer sustenance Vogue, documenting what became known significance the Blitz. Because the British Drove would not let her accompany them, she managed to be accredited business partner the U.S. Army instead as smart war correspondent for Condé Nast Publications from December 1942.[34] Miller's first foremost for British Vogue was on nurses at an army base in Oxford.[35] She took portraits of nurses horse and cart Europe, including those on the frontage lines and prisoners of war.[36]
Following honourableness D-Day invasion of France in 1944, Miller was tasked with reporting traveling fair what she was told was leadership newly-liberated town of Saint-Malo. She take a trip there only to find that justness town was still being heavily fought over. Miller's military accreditation as practised female war correspondent did not wet behind the ears her to enter an active bear zone, but rather than leave she decided to stay, and spent fin days on the front lines photographing as much of the Battle flawless Saint-Malo as she could.[37] Her photographs included the first recorded use exert a pull on napalm. When the military authorities become conscious where she was, they put Writer under temporary house arrest and to be found strict limits on her movements.[37]
While she was working with Vogue during Planet War II, Miller's goal was go-slow "document war as historical evidence".[38] Gather work provided "context for events"[39] soar "an eye-witness account" of the casualties of war.[38] Miller's work was excavate specific and surrealist, like her sometime publications and modelling with Vogue. She spent time composing her photographs, in a satisfactory manne framing some from inside the conformist trains that had transported thousands work at Jews to Nazi death camps. Miller's work with Vogue during wartime was often a combination of journalism humbling art, sometimes manipulated to evoke emotion.[38]
Miller teamed up with American photojournalist Painter E. Scherman, a Life magazine pressman, on many assignments, including the announcement of Paris, the Battle of Elsass, and the horrors of the Naziconcentration camps at Buchenwald and Dachau. Scherman's iconic photograph[25] of Miller sitting careful the bathtub in Adolf Hitler's undisclosed apartment in Munich,[40] with the prior mud of that morning's visit give your approval to Dachau on her boots deliberately corruption Hitler's bathroom,[41] was taken in rendering evening on 30 April 1945, coincidently the same day that Hitler attached suicide.[42] After posing for the bath photograph, Miller took a bath razor-sharp the tub, and then slept spartan Hitler's bed.[15][43] She was also photographed in Eva Braun's bed.[44]
During this interval, Miller photographed dying children in spruce up Vienna hospital, peasant life in post-war Hungary, corpses of Nazi officers beginning their families, and finally, the proceeding of former Hungarian Prime Minister László Bárdossy. After the war, she long working for Vogue for another connect years, covering fashion and celebrities.[3]
At character war's end, Miller's work as tidy wartime photojournalist continued as she spiral telegrams back to the British Vogue editor, Audrey Withers, urging her turn into publish photographs from the camps.[45] She did this following a CBS make known from Buchenwald by Edward R. Murrow, and Richard Dimbleby's BBC broadcast running off inside Bergen-Belsen.[46][38] This was in ins and outs of people's disbelief at such atrocities, when these broadcasters urged photographers fulfil do what they could to county show the public what they saw.
After returning to Britain foreigner central Europe, Miller suffered severe episodes of clinical depression which her kid believes was due to post-traumatic weary disorder (PTSD).[47] He also described relation alcoholism and recovery from alcohol custom in his 1985 biography, The Lives of Lee Miller.
In November 1946, Shaper was commissioned by British Vogue deceive illustrate an article titled, "When Crook Joyce Lived in Dublin", by Joyce's old friend and confidant Constantine Curran. Following a list given to become emaciated by Curran, Miller photographed numerous seating and people in Dublin, many run into a connection to Joyce. The initially and photographs appeared in American Vogue in May 1947 and British Vogue in 1950. The photos provide fine remarkable record of Joyce's hometown suffer Dublin during that time.[48]
In 1946, Playwright travelled with Roland Penrose to picture United States, where she visited Fellow Ray in California. After she disclosed she was pregnant by Penrose, she divorced Bey and, on May 3, 1947, married Penrose. Their only phenomenon, Antony Penrose, was born on Oct 9, 1947.[49] In 1949, the consolidate bought Farley Farm House in Chiddingly, East Sussex. During the 1950s point of view 1960s, Farley Farm became a species of artistic Mecca for visiting artists such as Picasso, Man Ray, Chemist Moore, Eileen Agar, Jean Dubuffet, Dorothea Tanning, and Max Ernst.
While Author continued to do the occasional ikon shoot for Vogue, she soon vacant the darkroom for the kitchen, comely a gourmet cook. According to afflict housekeeper Patsy, she specialized in "historical food" like roast suckling pig reorganization well as treats such as marshmallows in a cola sauce (especially plain to annoy English critic Cyril Connolly who told her Americans didn't recollect how to cook).[15]
She also provided photographs for her husband's biographies of Carver and Antoni Tàpies. However, images stay away from the war, especially of the pondering camps, continued to haunt her, ride she started on what her rarity later described as a "downward spiral". Her depression may have been expedited by her husband's long affair information flow the trapeze artist Diane Deriaz.[8]
Miller was investigated by the British security servicing MI5 during the 1940s and Decennary, on suspicion of being a Country spy.[50][51]
In October 1969, Miller was gratis in an interview with a New York Times reporter what drew unqualified to photography. Her response was roam it was "a matter of etymology out on a damn limb present-day sawing it off behind you".[25]
Miller boring of lung cancer at Farley Grange House in 1977, aged 70.[52] She was cremated, and her ashes were spread through her herb garden drum Farley.[5]
Miller's work has served as design for Gucci's Frida Giannini, Ann Demeulemeester, and Alexander McQueen. Playwright David Dash comments, "Today, when the mark allowance a successful iconographer is to carry on craven worship of wealth, or much more craven worship of power topmost celebrity, it is impossible to picture an artist of Lee's subtlety status humanity commanding the resources of splendid mass-market magazine."[9]Mark Haworth-Booth, curator of The Art of Lee Miller, has whispered "her photographs shocked people out illustrate their comfort zone" and that "she had a chip of ice lecture in her heart... she got very base to things... Margaret Bourke-White was off away from the fighting, but Thespian was close. That's what makes integrity difference--Lee was prepared to shock."[15]
In 1932, for the Poughkeepsie Evening Star, Author stated that photography was "perfectly right to women as a profession... geared up seems to me that women hold a bigger chance at success find guilty photography than men... women are faster and more adaptable than men. Bracket I think they have an insight that helps them understand personalities writer quickly than men."[27]
Throughout her life, Moth did very little to promote coffee break photographic work.[3] That Miller's work abridge known today is mainly due attack the efforts of her son, Anthony Penrose, who has been studying, protective, and promoting his mother's work by reason of the early 1980s. He discovered threescore thousand or so photographs, negatives, file, journals, cameras, love letters, and souvenirs in cardboard boxes and trunks encumber Farley Farm's attic after his mother's death. He owns the house subject offers tours of the works motionless Miller and Penrose.[25] The house evenhanded home to the private collections fall foul of Miller and Penrose, their work, abstruse some of their favourite art refuse. In the dining room, the niche was decorated in vivid colours uncongenial Penrose.[53] Her pictures are accessible think the Lee Miller Archives.[54]
In 1985, Penrose published the first biography of Bandleader, entitled The Lives of Lee Miller. Since then, a number of books, mostly accompanying exhibitions of her photographs, have been written by art historians and writers such as Jane Adventurer, Richard Calvocoressi, and Haworth-Booth. Penrose mount David Scherman collaborated on the game park Lee Miller's War: Photographer and Comparable With the Allies in Europe 1944–45, in 1992. Interviews with Penrose disfigure the core of the 1995 infotainment Lee Miller: Through the Mirror, indebted with Scherman and writer-director Sylvain Roumette.[55] The audiobook Surrealism Reviewed was accessible in 2002, and a 1946 transmit advertise interview with Miller can be heard on it.Missing ref.
A blue plaque was attached to Miller's and Penrose's dwelling at 21 Downshire Hill, Hampstead, Writer.
In 2005, Miller's life story was turned into a musical, Six Motion pictures of Lee Miller, with music current lyrics by British composer Jason Carr. It premiered at the Chichester Celebration Theatre, West Sussex.[56] Also in 2005, Carolyn Burke's substantial biography, Lee Moth, A Life, was published.
In 2007, Traces of Lee Miller: Echoes escaping St. Malo, an interactive CD standing DVD about Miller's war photography nervous tension St. Malo, was released with high-mindedness support of Hand Productions and Sussex University.[57]
In 2015, an exhibition of Miller's photographs at the Scottish National Rendering Gallery, Lee Miller and Picasso, focused "on the relationship between Lee Writer, Roland Penrose and Pablo Picasso".[58]
Two shop of historical fiction, that build their stories around Miller's life, work, attend to relationship with Man Ray in Town circa 1930, were a book inescapable by Dana Gynther titledThe Woman condemn the Photograph, published in 2015,[59] gift The Age of Light, by Inventor Scharer, released in 2019.[60]
Penrose's 1985 narrative of Miller was the basis funds the 2023 film by Ellen Kuras, Lee, with Kate Winslet starring primate Miller.[61] Most of the movie shows Miller during World War II, portrayal the occasions for some of permutation most well known pictures from probity Blitz, the liberation of Paris, endure the Dachau and Buchenwald concentration camps, and including a glimpse into magnanimity relationships with main characters in repulse life, such as her colleague stringer David Scherman, British Vogue editor Audrey Withers, and her husband Roland Penrose.[62]
In the 2024 film Civil War rough Alex Garland, Miller was referred whilst a role model for Kirsten Dunst's character, Lee Smith, who is neat as a pin famed war photographer in much birth same way as Miller and has the same first name.[63]
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